The Army

1. Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged In Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers: The Free Press (New York 1990): Chapter 2.

2. John R. Spears: The American Slave Trade: Charles Scribners Sons(New York 1900): pages 3-7.

3. Herbert S. Klein: Slavery in The Americas: University of Chicago Press(Chicago 1967) pages 7,8.

4. Ivan Van Sertima: African Presence in Early America: Transaction(New Brunswick 1987)

5. Glatthaar: Forged in Battle; page 2.

6. Russel F. Weigley: History of the United States Army: MacMillan Company:(New York 1967) page 211.

7. Elon A. Woodward: The Negro in the Military Service of the United States 1669-1886: Adjutant General's Office: Microfilm Publication M858: National Archives (Washington 1888): page 2.

8. Phillip St.Laurent : The Buffalo Soldiers: tuesday Publications,Inc. 1970: page 2.

9. Woodward: The negro in the Military Service of the United States: page 14.

10. John K. Mahon: History of the Militia and National Guard: MacMillan Company:( New York 1983): page 22; Lorenzo Green: The Negro in the Armed Forces, 1619-1783: Negro History Bulletin: October 1951: page 122.

11. ibid,:Woodward; page 50

12. ibid,:Woodward: page 50.

13. ibid,:Woodward: pages 51-53; St. Laurent: page 2.

14. Mark E. Lender: The New Jersey Soldier: ( Trenton: New Jersey Historical Commission 1977): pages 17,18; Richard S. Walling: Men of Color at the Battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778:( New Jersey: Friends of the Monmouth Battlefield,Inc.:1993: pages 15,16.

15. ibid., St. Laurent: page 3.

16. ibid., Woodward: page 98, St. Laurent: page 3.

17.ibid., Woodward quoting Bancroft: History of the United States: Vol. 5:page 277.

18. Robert J. Gough: Black Men and The Early New Jersey Militia: New Jersey History: Vol.LXXXVIII: number 4 ( Winter 1970) pages 230-236.

19.ibid., St. Laurent: page3.

20.ibid., St. Laurent: page3.

21.ibid., Woodward: page 288.

22. James B. Whisker: African- American Gunsmiths: The Gun Report: Vol. 37: No.4: September 1991.

23. Glatthaar: Forged in Battle: page 2.

24. Dudley taylor Cornish: The Sable Arm: University Press of Kansas: 1987 Edition: pages 5,6.

25. ibid.,Cornish: page 2.

26. ibid., cornish: page25.

27. Fred A. Shannon: The Federal Government and the Negro Soldier: The Journal Of Negro History: Vol. XI: October 1926: page 565.

28. The War of the Rebellion:Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies: 128 Volumes:(Washington 1880-1902: 1 Series:Vol. VIII: page370.(Cited hereafter as Official Records)

29. United States Statutes at Large: Vol. XII: July 17 1862: page 597.

30. James L. McPherson: Battle Cry of Freedom: Oxford University Press 1988:quoting U.S. Statutes at Large:Vol.V.

31. Ira Berlin, Joseph P. Reidy and Leslie S. Rowland editors: Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation 1861-1867: Series II: The Black Military Experience: Cambridge 1982: pages 37-40.

32. ibid., Berlin: page 40.

33. Geoffrey C. Ward, Ric Burns and Ken Burns:The Civil War- An Illustrated History: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.: New York 1990: page 253.

34. Official Records: Series 1:Vol 5: pages 556,557.

35. Official Records: Series 4:Vol. 3: pages1161,1162.

36. Ward: The Civil War, An Illustrated History: page 253.

37. Official Records: Series 3: Vol.II: pages 436-438.

38. Larry A. Greene: The Emancipation Proclamation In New Jersey and the Paranoid Style: New Jersey History: Vol. XCI: No. 2( Summer 1973): pages 112-121.

39. Official Records: Series 1:Vol.XIV: pages 377-378.

40. Official Records: Series 1:Vol.XIV: pages 377-378.

41. Cornish: The Sable Arm page 95.

42. Weigley: History of the United States Army: page 213.

43. Kenneth W. Munden and Henry Putney Beers: Guide to Federal Archives Relating to the Civil War: Washington: 1962: page262.

44. Weigley: History of the United States Army: page213.

45. Frederick Douglass: Douglass' Monthly: V: March 1863: page 801.

46. Official Records: Series 3: Vol.V: page 658.

47. John MacDonald: Great Battles of the Civil War: MacMillan: New York: 1988: page 146.

48.Cornish: The Sable Arm: page 144: quoting Official Records: Series 1: Vol.XXIV: Dennis to Grant: June 12.

49. Allan Nevins: The War for the Union: War Becomes Revolution: Vol. 2: Charles Scribners and Sons: New York: 1960: page 519.

50.Carl Sandburg: Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years: One Vol.Ed: Harcourt Brace & Co.: New York: 1954: page 370.

51. Frederick M. Binder: Journal of Negro History: Vol. 37: October 1952.

52. Joseph G. Billy: Forgotten Warriors: New Jersey's African- American Soldiers in the Civil War: Longstreet House: Hightstown New Jersey 1993: page 11.

53. ibid., Binder: page 386.

54. ibid., Binder: page 387.

55. ibid., Binder: page 388.

56. Cornish: The Sable Arm: page 214.

57. Binder: Journal of Negro History: page 399.

58. Cornish: The Sable Arm: page 221.

59. ibid., Cornish: pages 253-254.

60. Frederick Douglass: The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass: Collier Books: MacMillan Publishing Co.: New York 1962.

61. Nevins: The War for the Union: page 525.

62. Frederick Phisterer: New York in the War of the Rebellion: 2nd edition: Albany 1890: page 43.

63. ibid., Billy: page 24.

64. Dudley Taylor Cornish: The Union Army as a Training School For Negroes:Journal of Negro History:Vol. 37: October 1952: quoting Francis Beecher Perkins: Two Years with a Colored Regiment: New England Magazine: XVII: January 1898: page 394.

65. Sandburg: Abraham Lincoln: page 380.

66. Frederick Douglass' Monthly:August 1863.

67. Glatthaar: Forged In Battle; page 12.

68. Binder: Journal of Negro History: pages 397-398.

69. ibid., Binder: page 396: quoting E.R.Turner: The Negro in Pennsylvania 1689-1861: page 251.

70. Ward: The Civil War an Illustrated History: page 247.

71. Glatthaar: Forged in Battle: pages 66-67.

72. ibid., Glatthaar: page 93.

73. ibid., Glatthaar: page 173.

74. ibid., Glatthaar: page 79.

75. ibid., Glatthaar: page 69.

76. Official Records: Series II, Vol. 4: page 916: Beauregard to W. Porcher Miles.

77. Berlin: Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation: page 585.

78. Glatthaar: Forged in Battle:page 156.

79. Official Records: Series 1: Vol.XXXII Part 1 : page 610.

80. Cornish: The sable Arm: page 173

81. Glatthaar: Forged In Battle; page 155: quoting Benjamin F. Stevens to Mother august 12 1863: Ellis: The Civil War Letters of an Iowa Family: page 582.

82. James H. Whyte: Marylands' Negro Regiments, How, Where They Served: Civil War Times Illustrated: July 1962: page 4.

83. Frederick Henry Dyer: A Compendium of The War of The Rebellion: Compiled and Arranged from the Official Records: Des Moines Iowa 1908.

84. Munden and Beers: Guide to the Federal Archives Relating to the Civil War: page 263.

85. Luis F, Emilio: A Brave Black Regiment : History of the Fifty Fourth Regiment: Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry: Boston Book Company: Boston 1894: pages 68-70.

86. ibid., Emilio: pages 72-73.

87. Glatthaar: page 139: quoting Lewis Douglass to Amelia: July 20 1863: Carter Woodson Papers.

88. Cornish: The Sable Arm: page 155.

89. ibid., Cornish: page 231.

90. ibid., Cornish: page 229-231

91. W.J.Tenney: The Military and Naval History of the Rebellion in the United States: New York 1866: page 507.

92. Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel eds: Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: 4 vols: New York 1888: Vol. IV: page 80.

93. Cornish: The Sable Arm: pages 275-276.

94. L.D.Raddick: The Negro Policy of the United States Army 1775-1945: Journal of Negro History: Vol.34: January 1949.

95. Herbert Aptheker: Negro Casualties in the Civil War: The Journal of Negro History: Vol. 32 No. 1: January 1947.

96. Raddick:The Negro Policy of the United States Army: Journal of Negro History: Vol. 34: January 1949.

97. Cornish: The Sable Arm: quoting Moruan's Reminiscences: page 445.

98. Johnson and Buel: Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: Vol.IV page 757.

99. Official Records: Series IV: page 291.

100. Cornish: The Sable Arm: page 291.

The Navy

1. Herbert Aptheker: The Journal of Negro History: Vol. XXXII No. 2: April 1947.

2. ibid,. Aptheker.

3. The Public Statutes at Large of the United States: R. Peters: Boston 1845: edition II: page 809.

4. ibid., Public Statutes at Large: page 810.

5. David M. Cooney: A chronology of the United States Navy: 1775-1965: Franklin Watts Inc. New York 1965: page 76.

6. ibid., Cooney: page 77.

7. ibid., Cooney: page 75.

8. Richard S. West Jr.: Gideon Wells and Lincoln's Navy Department: Indianapolis 1943.

9. ibid., West

10. Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion: 30 Volumes: Washington 1894-1922: Vol.IX: pages 572-574 .

11. Official Records: Navy: Vol. XXIV: Report from Acting Rear Admiral Porter to Secretary Wells: March 26 1863: pages 474-496.

12. ibid.,Official Records: Navy: pages 474-496.

13. ibid., Official Recordws: Navy: Volume XXIII: Circular dated December 18 1862.

14. Aptheker: Journal of Negro History: Volume XXXII.

15. ibid., Aptheker: Journal of Negro History: Vol. XXXII>

16.Herbert Aptheker: Negro Casualties in the Civil War: The journal of Negro History: Vol. 32: No. 1 January 1947.

17. Cooney: A Chronology of the United States Navy 1775-1965: page 102.

18. ibid., Cooney: page 102.

19. ibid., Cooney: pages 170-171.

20. Massachusetts Soldiers Sailors and Marines in the Civil War: 8 Volumes: Norwood 1931-1935: see volumes VII & VIII.

21. Aptheker: The Journal of Negro History: Vol. XXXII: No. 2: page 200.

22. John Lawson Family Records: c/o Irene Poole Sickerville, New Jersey.

 

Bibliography

Government Publications: Federal

Bibliography of State Participation in the Civil War 1861-1866:War Department Library: Subject Catalog No. 6: 3rd edition: Washington: Government Printing Office: 1913.

Guide to Federal Archives Relating to the Civil War: Kenneth W. Munden and Henry Putney Beers: The National Archives Publication Number 63-1: Washington 1962.

Military Operations of the Civil War: A Guide Index to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. 1861-1865: Volume 2 GSA: Washington 1968.

The Negro in the Military Service of the United States:Elon A.Woodward: Compiler: War Records Office: National Archives: Washington D.C.: Microfilm Publication: M58: 1888.

Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion: 30 Volumes: Washington: 1894-1922.

The Public Statutes at Large of the United States: R. Peters edition: Boston 1845.

Register of the Commissioned, Warrant and Volunteer Officers of the Navy of the United States of America: To January 1 1864: Government Printing Office: Washington 1864.

The Statutes at Large: Treaties and Proclamations of the United States of America: Vol. XII.

United States War Department Register of the Volunteer Forces of the United states for the years: 1862-1865: Washington 1865.

The War of the Rebellion: A compiliation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies: 128 Volumes: Washington 1880-1901.

Government Publications: State

Annual Report of the Adjutant general of the State of Rhode Island and Prividence Plantations for the year 1865: Brigadier General Elisha Dyer: Providence: E.L. Freeman & Son 1865.

Official Register of Rhode Island Officers and Soldiers who served in the United States Army and Navy from 1861 to 1866: Published by Order of the General Assembly: January Session 1866.

History and Roster of Maryland Volunteers:War of 1861-1865: General Assembly of Maryland: Baltimore: Guggenheimer Weil and Co: 1899.

History of Pennyslvania Volunteers 1861-1865: Samuel Bates: Harrisburg: B. Singerly 1871.

Massachusetts Soldiers, Sailors and Marines in the Civil War: Adjutant General of Massachusetts: 8 Volumes: Norwood Massachusetts: Norwood Press 1933.

Record of Service of the Fifty Fifth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry: Regimental Association: Cambridge: John Wilson and Son 1868.

Official Roster of the Soldiers of the State of Ohio in th War of the Rebellion 1861-1866: Ohio General Assembly: 11 Volumes: Akron: The Werner Company 1893.

New York in the War of the Rebellion. 1861-1865: Frederick Phisterer, Compiler: 3rd edition: Albany 1912.

Record of Service of Connecticut Men in the Army and Navy of the United States During the War of the Rebellion: Adjutant General's Office: Hartford Connecticut: Case, Lockwood and Brainard Company 1889.